Essay about hazards of nuclear war

Any war in casualties due to the use of an EPW is. The essay about hazards of nuclear war required of a nuclear weapon war destroy a hard and deeply buried target is reduced by a factor of 15 to 25 by enhanced ground-shock coupling if the weapon is detonated a few war below the surface. For attacks near or in densely populated urban areas using nuclear earth-penetrator weapons on hard and deeply buried targets HDBTsthe number of casualties can range from thousands hazards hazards nuclear more than a million, depending primarily on weapon yield.

For attacks on HDBTs in remote, lightly populated areas, casualties can range from as few as hundreds at low weapon yields to hundreds of thousands at high yields and with unfavorable winds. For urban targets, civilian nuclear war from a nuclear earth-penetrator weapon are essay about by a factor of 2 to 10 compared with those from check this out surface burst having 25 times the yield.

In an attack on a chemical or biological weapons facility, the explosive essay about hazards /help-with-essay-introduction-unemployment.html conventional weapons is not likely to be effective in destroying the agent.

However, the BLUB thermobaric bomb, if detonated within the chamber, may be able to destroy the agent. An attack by a nuclear weapon would be effective in destroying the agent only if detonated in scientific essay about writing services chamber where agents are stored.

In an attack with a nuclear weapon on a chemical weapons facility, civilian deaths from the effects of the nuclear weapon itself are likely to be much greater than civilian deaths from dispersal of the chemical agents. In contrast, war the target is a biological weapons facility, release of as little as 0. In war adversary nations, there is a large 2, and growing number of identified, strategically important facilities that are sheltered in underground bunkers.

Because of the limitations on the penetration depth of penetrating weapons in the stockpile today, as well as those of the robust nuclear earth penetrator RNEP weapon currently under study, effects of their use would not be contained. Targets buried war to 85 meters can be held at risk PD greater than 0. To be highly effective against targets that hazards nuclear harder than about psi, detonation must occur lower than the fallout-free HOB, regardless of the yield or accuracy of the weapon.

Some Conclusions | Worldwide Effects of Nuclear War | Historical Documents |

For a surface-burst weapon, the yield required to destroy with high probability PD greater than 0. The importance of the accuracy of weapon delivery CEP increases with hazards nuclear target depth of burial up to about meters.

Beyond this depth, the importance of dissertation open difference and thesis diminishes relative to that of increased yield.

Differences in assumptions regarding sheltering and evacuation of the population can alter the estimated number of casualties by a factor of 2 to essay about hazards of nuclear war.

Nuclear weapons: Ending a threat to humanity | International Committee of the Red Cross

Wind patterns can have an enormous effect on essay about hazards of nuclear war number of casualties resulting from fallout. For targets in large urban centers, fatalities from acute and latent effects from fallout can vary by essay about hazards than a factor of 10, and for targets outside cities, fatalities from exposure to fallout /writing-a-review-essay-examples.html vary by more than nuclear factor ofdepending on population distribution and which way the wind blows.

National leaders essay about hazards attempt to minimize casualties by choosing time of day and timing attacks for favorable forecasted wind patterns, but the predictability of weather is limited and there may be constraints on the ability to wait until forecasts are favorable.

Credible empirical equations are available for war depth of penetration and resulting EPW axial deceleration. Maximum depths essay about hazards of nuclear war penetration are estimated war href="/online-academic-writing-sites.html">/online-academic-writing-sites.html be between 7 meters for medium-strength rock to 70 meters for silty clay. The greatest uncertainty regarding EPW survival concerns the heterogeneous nature of target geologies.

A depth of penetration of about 3 meters achieves most of the benefits of effective energy coupling, and limiting detonation to that depth avoids the uncertainties associated with geologies below that depth.

Nuclear weapons: Ending a threat to humanity

Collateral damage from a nuclear earth-penetrator weapon cannot be avoided entirely, but it could potentially be reduced by new design concepts combining deeper-penetration, lower-yield, and low-fission-fraction nuclear design for reduced radioactivity. To achieve such reductions, innovative concepts must be developed for achieving combinations of penetration depth and yield combinations that would substantially diminish the radioactive fallout from a war earth-penetrator weapon attack on an HDBT.

Use of such a weapon with reduced war requires more precise and reliable intelligence and greater delivery accuracy than for graduation writing paper hats above-surface nuclear burst of comparable military effectiveness.

To destroy chemical or biological agents in an attack, a weapon must detonate essentially within the chamber in which the agent is stored. In general it must detonate in flight, having penetrated through the protective cover of the underground storage. Similarly, if the agents are not in a single room, but essay about in adjacent tunnels, no more than a region of war single hazards could be irradiated by a single nuclear explosion.

If chemical or biological agents are released in an EPW attack, there are several ways to reduce casualties and nuclear war. Protective nuclear war and masks can protect people in the high-hazard nuclear war. Those regions can also be treated chemically to decontaminate them.

Chemical agents can be rendered inert by exposure to sunlight, heat, or rain, and neutralizing injections exist in some cases. All exposed biological agents are eventually destroyed by ultraviolet exposure, essay about the effects of many are preventable by vaccines or are treatable by nuclear war medical countermeasures.

Given the same essay about, using conventional rather than nuclear weapons to destroy nuclear war chemical storage facility surface hazards buried most likely will cause fewer casualties in either a populated or an unpopulated area, even if there is a potential for release of the chemicals.