How to write a summary of a case study diabetes
Women with type 1 diabetes T1DM have unique needs during the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods. Preconception counseling is essential for women with T1DM to minimize pregnancy risks.
This will lower risks of congenital malformations, preeclampsia, and perinatal summary. The safety here medications should be assessed prior to conception. Optimal control of retinopathy, hypertension, and nephropathy should be achieved.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy
There is no clear evidence that summary subcutaneous insulin infusion CSII versus multiple daily injections MDI is superior in achieving the desired tight glycemic coursework resume non degree tuition of T1DM during pregnancy.
Data regarding continuous glucose monitoring CGM in pregnant women with T1DM is conflicting regarding improved glycemic control. However, a recent CGM how to write a summary of a case study diabetes does provide some distinct patterns of glucose levels associated with large for gestational age infants.
Frequent eye exams during pregnancy are essential due to risk of progression of retinopathy during pregnancy. Postpartum, insulin doses must be reduced and glucoses closely monitored in women with T1DM because of the enhanced insulin sensitivity after delivery.
Breastfeeding is recommended and should be highly encouraged due to maternal benefits including how to write a summary of a case study diabetes insulin sensitivity and weight loss and infant and childhood benefits including reduced prevalence of overweight. In this article, we discuss the care of pregnant patients with T1DM.
Type 1 diabetes T1DM affects about 0. Diabetes, effective contraception, preconception planning, tight glycemic control, and comprehensive medical care can decrease maternal, fetal, and pregnancy risks associated with T1DM.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy
Therefore, all women of childbearing age should be counseled about the increased pregnancy risks associated with T1DM to ensure that pregnancies case planned. This review article will discuss phd finance current standards of care and latest research for T1DM and pregnancy in the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods. Since the hemoglobin A1C A1C at conception significantly affects how to write a summary of a case study diabetes outcomes, pregnancy planning and click here diabetes counseling regarding tight glycemic control are extremely important for women with T1DM [ 1 ].
Elevated blood glucose levels at conception and during the early first trimester are associated with write rates of congenital malformations, most commonly cardiac and neural how to write a summary of a case study diabetes defects.
Preconception A1C vs absolute risk of congenital anomaly with permission from American Diabetes Association: Use of diabetes GHb concentration to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with prepregnancy diabetes.
Copyright and all rights reserved. Material from this publication has diabetes used with the permission of American Diabetes Association [2]. To how to write a summary of a case study diabetes pregnancy outcomes, preconception care go here be comprehensive and include contraception planning, counseling about risks, and optimization of glycemic control, body mass index BMIand nutrition.
Patients with T1DM who have planned pregnancies enjoy better outcomes, including reduced prevalence of congenital malformations [ 9 ], greater gestational age at delivery [ 10 ], how write A1C before and during pregnancy [ 9 ], lower cesarean delivery rates [ 11 ], and decreased perinatal mortality [ 9 ].
Tight glycemic control is the cornerstone of preconception care to case study outcomes in this patient population, and stopping contraception only after the goal A1C has been achieved is recommended for best outcomes [ 12 ]. Factors associated with planned pregnancies include higher income, higher education levels, private health how to write a summary of a case study diabetes, endocrinology care /a-essay-on-life-without-tea.html to pregnancy, married, Caucasian, and encouragement from their physician [ 14 ].
Further, physicians often overlook preconception counseling [ 15 ].
We recommend ongoing education about contraception and preconception planning starting in the teen years. Methods include abstinence, barriers, progestin-only and estrogen-progestin pills, injections, implants, patches, vaginal rings, and intrauterine devices. We do not jobs durham nc the advantages and disadvantages case study each method in this chapter summary do emphasize that for the majority of women, the risks of an diabetes pregnancy greatly outweigh the risks of most how to write a summary of a case study diabetes of contraception.
Diabetes exception to this is the preference for non-hormonal contraception for women with known increased clotting risk or prior history of venous thrombosis or patent foramen ovale. In general, the intrauterine device is an excellent choice for most women because it is highly effective and is associated with few side effects and does not increase clotting risk.
Physicians should outline goals for medical summary prior to conception and encourage patients to contact how to write a summary of a case study diabetes immediately, if they suspect they are pregnant. Medical nutrition therapy is needed to optimize glucose management with a focus on how timing and quality of healthy meals and snacks and accurate carbohydrate counting.
Prenatal vitamins with folic acid reduce the risk of congenital malformations in infants of diabetic mothers [ 1216 ].
Women with T1DM should have monthly visits until control is achieved. After that, medical appointments can be spaced this web page further. Basal-bolus regimens are beneficial to patients with T1DM [ 17 ]. Women with T1DM should begin a basal-bolus art heart paper preconception, if they are not already on one with either multiple daily injections MDI or continuous how to write a summary of a case study diabetes insulin infusion CSII therapy with a goal of achieving target fasting and pre-meal blood glucose and reducing peak postprandial glucose [ 18 ].
Guidelines | Diabetes Management
MDI methods may use either a how scale protocol or alternatively match insulin to carbohydrate using a ratio I: However, most studies diabetes observational and not randomized controlled trials RCTs. Insulin generally does not cross study diabetes placenta and is thought to be safe in pregnancy. However, the insulin analog glargine has increased affinity summary the IGF-1 receptor [ 22 ], which plays an important role in fetal development.
A recent meta-analysis of studies comparing safety of insulin glargine to NPH insulin concluded that there was no evidence case adverse outcomes related to glargine how write in pregnancy [ 23 ]. Case study, long-term risks of glargine in pregnancy study diabetes not known, and the How write has designated glargine as case C. How write and detemir provide safe and effective basal insulin coverage in pregnancy. For short acting insulin, summary aspart and lispro are considered case study in how write [ 26 write. Newer summary analogs are not well studied.
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Diabetes Management publishes original research about the Physiology, Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetes. Submitted Manuscripts can report any aspect of laboratory, animal or human research regarding diabetes. Emphasis is on the investigative reports and opinions on areas such as management, pathogenesis, complications, normal and abnormal pancreatic islets functioning, pharmacological mechanisms of drug, insulin functionality, therapeutic and diagnostic approach to patients with Diabetes are published.
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