Locke,bornin andraisedinaPuritanfamily,broughtthemethodsofintrospectionfamiliar toreadersofspiritualautobiographiesintotherealmofepistemology,using self-inquiryinamuchmorethoroughgoingandpersonalwaythanDescartes haddone. NancyArmstrongandLeonardTennenhouse suggestthatLocke's"notionofrationalitydependedinsomeprofoundway uponthepresenceoftheirrational,"andthatforhim,"man'sinnateirratio- human understanding pdf.
Thereis,intheEssay,aconstantuneasytension betweenthemind'sdivineanddemonicaspects,betweenimaginationasan aidtointerpretingperceptionandultimatelymakingaleapoffaith,and"imagi- nations"asadelusiveelement,constantlyleadingthemindastrayfromthe "truth.
Lockeconcedesthat apropensitytothedarknessofsinandevilisaprevalenttraitofhumankind, thoughhedoesnotmaintainthatthetendencyisnecessarilyinheritedfrom Adam. For,methinks, theUnderstandingisnotmuchunlikeaClosetwhollyshutfromlight, withonlysomelittleopeningsleft,toletinexternalvisibleResemblances, orIdeasofthingswithout. GretchenGrafPahl,amongothers,maintainsthatLocke'sanalysisis"one ofthegreatlandmarksinthehistoryofBiblicalcriticism,"amongthefirstto recognizetheinfluenceofthe"historicalandlogicalcontextsoftheBible" andtheroleofPaul'srhetoricalandliteraryimagination.
Weshallfindanddiscernthosegreatandnecessary continue reading human understanding pdf themtoit. Reason, God,andthefewraysofone'scertainknowledgeareallthatkeepusfrom thedarknessandthevoidofignoranceorofvainimaginationsandconjec- tures,andfromthepursuitoffalselighttotheultimateSatanicdarkness,a darknessthatisnotonlyvisiblebutanever-presentthreat. Lit- eralblindness,usedasanillustrationforexplainingtheworkingsofsense perception,becomesametaphorforintellectualandspiritualblindness,most powerfullyattheEssay'sclimax.
But Lockehimself,notablyinBook4oftheEssay,isnotmore"strip'dofthe Metaphorofseeingandfeeling" 4.
Locke'slanguage andcontextarereminiscentofMilton'sdescriptionofthefallenangels,wran- glingovertheologyand"inwand'ringmazeslost" 2. Though men,especiallySchoolmen,mayinventjargonastheyplease,"yetifthey willbeunderstood,whentheyspeakofThingsreallyexisting,theymust,in somedegree,conformtheirIdeastotheThingstheywouldspeakof: Presumablythe"innerworkingsofourspirits," then,mustalsoconformtotheneedforacommonlanguageandcommunica- tion,eventhoughthese"workings"maywellbethesourceof,oridenticalto, individualinnervisionandimagination.
Locke's concernforfreedomfromjargonandfromthe"curiousandunexplicable WebofperplexedWords,"andhiscautionsagainstthecoiningofnewwords 3. Lockeplacesintuitiononanequallevelwithdemonstratedknowledge,and "whatevercomesshortofoneofthese,withwhatassurancesoeverembraced, isbutFaith,orOpinion,butnotKnowledge,atleastinallgeneralTruths" 4.
Lockedidnotsucceedinconstructingalogicalproof formoralprinciples,and,asaresult,defined"truth"simplyas"thejoining orseparatingofSigns,astheThingssignifiedbythemdoagreeordis- agreeonewithanother" 4.
However,iftheminditself,ortheconscience,whichisevidentlysomewhat separatefromthemind,controlsour"OpinionorJudgmentoftheMoral RectitudeorPravityofourownActions" concerning human.
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- спросил Элвин. Прямо перед ними поверхность земли круто поднималась к небу обрывами совершенно непреодолимых скал. -- нетерпеливо спросил Джизирак улыбнулся.
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